Introduction
From December 10 to 11, 2021, numerous tornadoes occurred across the south-central United States.
We visualized the GFS forecast data (12-hour forecast) for that time, corresponding to 2:00 a.m. Eastern Time on December 11, 2021.
Vertical Atmospheric Cross Section Along 40°N (Continental U.S.)
Warm air is observed in the lower levels over the eastern United States, with colder air to the west. This temperature contrast suggests the development of convective storms along the boundary.
Vertical Atmospheric Cross Section Along 40°N (Central–Eastern United States)
A very moist air mass extends over a broad area, with specific humidity exceeding 12 g/kg near the surface, where temperatures are around 18°C.
The wind vectors (arrows), which indicate wind direction and speed, show that strong upward motion is occurring in this region.
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